Ashta Pradhan Mandal
Shivaji established a council of eight ministers to assist in governance.
Key Administrative Reforms
- Abolition of Jagirs: Unlike Mughals, Shivaji preferred paying officials in cash rather than land grants (Jagirs) to prevent them from becoming too powerful independent warlords.
- Transfers: Officials were frequently transferred to prevent entrenched power.
- Welfare: Strict instructions were given not to harass the peasantry.
“If you cut mango or jackfruit trees, will the people’s sorrow ever end? Do not use force.” — Shivaji’s letter to officials.
Revenue System
- Taxes:
- Chauth: 25% of the revenue collected from territories not directly under Maratha rule, in exchange for protection from raids.
- Sardeshmukhi: An additional 10% levy claimed by the Chhatrapati as the head Deshmukh.
- Agriculture: Loans were provided to farmers; measurement of land was standardized.
Judicial System
- Panchayat: The main body for delivering justice at the local level.
- Appeals: Could be made to the King or Chief Justice.
- Nature: Capital punishment (death penalty) was rare; the system was noted for moderation.
- Police: In towns, the Kotwal maintained law and order.